Traumatic Brain Injury

A traumatic brain injury – or TBI – is the disruption of normal brain function caused by an external force, including a jolt or blow to the head. Not all blows or jolts to the head cause a TBI. A TBI may be classified as:

  • Mild (most common, also called a concussion)
  • Moderate
  • Severe
  • Penetrating

Possible Symptoms

  • Headaches
  • Dizziness or balance problems
  • Fatigue
  • Feeling depressed, anxious or irritable
  • Nausea
  • Sensitivity to light and sound
  • Sleep problems
  • Trouble with memory and attention
  • Vision changes
  • Impulsivity

For more information, download the What You Should Know About Concussions and Concussion Signs and Symptoms fact sheets.

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Publication
Sep 25, 2025

TBICoE Information Paper on Creatine and TBI

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This information paper by the Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence provides a general overview of the current state of the science for using creatine to treat mild TBI and to optimize brain health and performance.

Article
Jun 24, 2025

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-West Begins Recruitment for Study of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-West has launched two behavioral health studies focused on repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries and occupation-related repetitive exposure to tier-1 weapons, marking a significant step toward strengthening resilience and performance in operational settings.

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Apr 18, 2025

TBICoE Clinical Recommendation Training Series Flyer

.PDF | 191.17 KB

Join the Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence each month for training on clinical recommendations covering decision making and management of key symptom clusters after concussion.

Publication
Oct 29, 2024

2025 Acute Concussion Care Pathway Training: MACE 2 and PRA

.PDF | 125.63 KB

The Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence hosts a combined Military Acute Concussion Evaluation 2 and Progressive Return to Activity clinical recommendation virtual training. Attendees may earn two CEUs through the Defense Health Agency Continuing Education Program Office. Download the flyer for the complete 2025 training schedule.

Video
Mar 28, 2024

Headaches and TBI: A Journey of Treatment Over Time

Headaches and TBI: A Journey of Treatment Over Time

Dr. Joanne Gold, a pharmacist and neuroscience clinician with TBICoE, and experts from the National Museum of Health and Medicine discuss the treatment of headaches, past and present. Their conversation explores the museum's collections related to TBI and headache treatment, discusses ways to improve headache treatment, and highlights relevant TBICoE ...

Publication
Mar 28, 2024

TBICoE Research Review: Multiple TBI/Multiple Concussion

.PDF | 284.05 KB

Prior history of TBI may predispose an individual to increased risk of subsequent TBI, which may result from less force, and lengthier recovery from post-injury symptoms. Activities such as contact sports and military service carry particular risk for multiple TBI.

Article
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Walter Reed’s NICoE Scientists to Present New TBI Battlefield Biomarkers Research During 2023 MHSRS

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Walter Reed National Military Medical Center is pleased to announce that researchers from the National Intrepid Center of Excellence will present a groundbreaking study on diagnosing traumatic brain injuries during the 2023 Military Health System Research Symposium.

Fact Sheet
May 22, 2023

Changes in Behavior, Personality or Mood Following Concussion/mTBI Fact Sheet

.PDF | 977.73 KB

This TBICoE fact sheet can be used by health care providers to educate patients with a concussion, or mild TBI, on how to manage changes in mood related to their injury. Patients and caregivers would also find this information useful.

Article
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Concussion Protocols Aid Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery

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