
There are at least 52 immunologically distinct serotypes of adenoviruses that can cause human infections. Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical and physical agents and to varied pH, thus allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body.
In the United States, adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7 most commonly cause respiratory illness. Adenoviruses are transmitted by respiratory droplets, fecal-oral transmission, and, occasionally, through contact with contaminated objects or water. Some adenovirus serotypes can establish persistent asymptomatic infections in tonsils, adenoids, and intestines of infected people who can shed these viruses for months or years. In military enlisted training centers, adenoviruses have historically caused substantial and prolonged outbreaks of respiratory illness.
Adenoviruses most commonly cause respiratory illness. However, depending on the infecting serotype, adenoviruses may also cause conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, and, less commonly, neurologic illness. Respiratory illness symptoms caused by adenovirus infection range from common cold symptoms, pharyngitis, and rhinitis, to bronchitis or pneumonia. Young infants and patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe complications from adenovirus infection.
Adenovirus vaccines are live-virus vaccines approved for one-time use in new military members, ages 17 to 50 years. The vaccines are administered orally, as a single dose of two enteric-coated tablets; one tablet protects against adenovirus serotype 4 (white tablet) and one tablet protects against adenovirus serotype 7 (peach-colored tablet). Each tablet must be swallowed whole and cannot be chewed or crushed. The most common adverse events after adenovirus vaccine receipt are headaches, stuffy nose, sore throat, joint pain, abdominal pain, cough, nausea, diarrhea, or fever.
You will find below all of the resources you will need about the adenovirus vaccine. More will be added as they are published or released.
Frequently Asked Questions
Questions and answers about Adenoviruses and adenovirus vaccine. Download all Questions and Answers in Memorandum format here.
Q1:
What are adenoviruses?
A:
Adenoviruses are medium-sized, nonenveloped icosohedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. There are at least 52 immunologically distinct types that can cause human infections. Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical and physical agents and to adverse pH conditions, thus allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body.
Q2:
Can adenoviruses cause acute respiratory disease?
A:
Yes. In the United States, acute respiratory disease is often associated with adenovirus Types 4, 7, and 14. The epidemiology of adenoviruses vary by type; all are transmitted by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission. Some types can establish persistent asymptomatic infections in tonsils, adenoids, and intestines of infected individuals, and viral shedding can occur for months or years.
Q3:
What are the symptoms of adenovirus infection?
A:
Adenoviruses cause a wide range of illnesses, depending on the virus type. Adenovirus types 4 and 7 can cause respiratory (breathing) problems, fever, sore throat, cough, eye infections, runny nose, headache, and pneumonia. The incubation period of the disease is 4 to 5 days. These symptoms can last up to 10 days. Young infants and especially patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe complications of adenovirus infection.
Q4:
Can adenovirus be prevented?
A:
Yes. Strict attention to good infection-control practices, including contact and droplet precautions is effective for stopping nosocomial outbreaks of adenovirus associated disease. Frequent handwashing is effective for preventing the spread of adenoviruses. Additionally, there is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved/licensed vaccine for adenovirus types 4 and 7. Adenovirus types 4 and 7 can be prevented with a single vaccine dose administered as two live, oral enteric-coated tablets (type 4 - white tablet, type 7- light peach tablet).
Q5:
Are respiratory infections a problem for military populations?
A:
Acute infectious respiratory diseases are a significant preventive medicine problem for military populations living in close quarters. Crowded conditions are often found at training centers, dormitories, tent cities, and deployment-staging areas. Other potential transmission environments include recruit training centers, classrooms, dining facilities, and areas where items, such as resuscitation mannequins and water fountains are shared.
Q9:
What side effects have been reported with the adenovirus vaccine?
A:
Adenovirus vaccines appear to be safe and well tolerated. Mild problems were reported within 2 weeks of getting the vaccine: headache, upper respiratory tract infection (about 1 person in 3), stuffy nose, sore throat, joint pain (about 1 person in 6), abdominal pain, cough, nausea (about 1 person in 7), diarrhea (about 1 person in 10), and fever (about 1 person in 100). More serious problems have been reported by about 1 person in 100, within 6 months of vaccination. These problems included: blood in the urine or stool, pneumonia, and inflammation of the stomach or intestines. It is not clear whether these common or serious adverse events were caused by the vaccine or occurred after vaccination by chance. Vaccine recipients should always report concerning symptoms to their healthcare provider.
Q10:
How effective is the adenovirus vaccine?
A:
Large-scale studies of the new vaccine in U.S. military recruits showed high efficacy rates in preventing wild type 4 adenovirus-associated febrile acute respiratory disease and inducing neutralizing antibody to type 7 adenovirus.
Q11:
What are the components of the adenovirus vaccine?
A:
The adenovirus vaccine contains viable, selected strains of human adenovirus Type 4 and human adenovirus Type 7 prepared in human-diploid fibroblast cell cultures (strain WI-38). The virus strains have not been attenuated. The cells are grown and the virus growth maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, fetal bovine serum, and sodium bicarbonate.
Q12:
How is the vaccine administered?
A:
Adenovirus vaccine types 4 and 7 are tablets and are given orally. Each tablet must be swallowed whole and cannot be chewed or crushed. Postpone administration to individuals with vomiting and/or diarrhea and those with moderate to severe acute illness.
Q13:
How many doses of adenovirus vaccine are needed?
A:
A single dose is needed, which consists of two live, oral enteric-coated tablets (type 4 - white tablet, type 7- light peach tablet). Adenovirus vaccine types 4 and 7 is administered only once and no booster dose is required.
Q15:
How is the vaccine stored?
A:
The vaccine must be refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (35° and 46° F) and never frozen. All bottles must be protected from moisture and remain tightly closed. The desiccant canister should not be removed from the bottle.
Q17:
Who should NOT receive this vaccine?
A:
Individuals with known severe allergic reactions to any components of the vaccine; women considering pregnancy within 6 weeks of receiving the vaccine; individuals incapable of swallowing an entire tablet, whole, without chewing should not receive the vaccine.
Q18:
Are there any warnings or precautions associated with the vaccine?
A:
Yes. Vaccinees should use precaution when around children 7 years of age and younger, immunocomprised individuals and pregnant women during the 28 days following vaccination. Because the vaccine contains live adenovirus that is shed in the stool for up to 28 days following vaccination, strict hand washing and personal hygiene is required to minimize risk of transmitting or infecting others with the virus.
Q20:
Is pregnancy testing necessary before administration of the adenovirus vaccine?
A:
Pregnancy testing is part of routine screening for new accessions. However, it is not necessary to delay vaccination pending pregnancy testing unless pregnancy is suspected. If a woman believes she may be pregnant or has a positive pregnancy test, do not administer adenovirus (or other live) vaccines, and refer the woman to a healthcare provider.
Q21:
Is HIV a contraindication for the adenovirus vaccine?
A:
The safety and effectiveness of adenovirus vaccines in immune-compromised individuals have not been evaluated. Although HIV testing is performed for new accessions, it is not necessary to wait for results before administering vaccines unless an immune-compromising condition is suspected. Verbally screen individuals for HIV/AIDS, other immune-compromising medical conditions, and medications that may affect the immune system before administering adenovirus vaccines.
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